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Blood Technology

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal balance. The cell metabolism can only work if the internal environment is stable, but materials are constantly needed and wastes are produced. They threaten to disrupt the body’s balance. Carbon dioxide from respiration, in particular must be swiftly removed, or if it accumulates, it will upset the body’s acid-base balance. The blood is the main transport system of the body, and in humans, the pH is generally around 7.36-7.44.

Measuring the ph and amount of gases in the blood helps physicians find the diagnosis for their patients while monitoring them in the hospital. Blood gas analysis is most helpful when patients are under anaesthetic operations, in intensive care, in happening and emergency facilities, or for premature new born babies.

Eg, if there is excess carbon dioxide in the lungs of a patient the rate of ventilation can be increased to get rid of it before it infects the body.

Recent advances in biotechnology have resulted in the creation of Biosensors, which have prefabricated analysing blood faster and more efficient. A Sensor is a device that translates a physical or chemical property into an electrical signal that can be measured. They key component is the transducer or signal- converting elements which converts the property measured into a signal.

A biosensor is a device with a transducer and a bioreceptor, one that usually recognises specific biochemical molecules. it reacts specifically with the substance to be detected and the transducer, which might be electrochemical, optical or thermal, converts the biochemical signal into an electrical signal.

Pulse Oximeters

When oxygen combines with haemoglobin, it forms oxyhaemoglobin. The colour of the blood changes from bright red to dark red, when the blood is unsaturated. In the olden times, physicians relied on the attending of how blue the skin on the patient was to see if they were getting enough oxygen. The development of oximeters commenced in the 1930’s and 1940’s, but the first was not prefabricated until 1975.

They measure the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood, that is the blood being pumped form the heart to the body.

Light from two light-emitting diodes is passed through one of the extremities of the body, usually a finger, so the amount of light energy can be collected by a photodetector. The light energy varies depending on the level of oxygenation of the haemoprotein in the blood.

Two diodes are commonly used, one emitting red light, one infrared. There is a massive difference in the amount of red light absorbed by oxyhaemoglobin, compared to haemoglobin. The measurements are processed by the electronic component of the oximeter.

Light emitting diodes are semi colour diodes that emit infrared or visible light when charged with electric current. They are used in many electronic devices, including Tv remotes and cameras for automatic focusing.

Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis

Most arterial blood gas analysers use electrochemical methods of analysis, including of pH, partial pressure of oxygen, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Measuring pH

The pH sensor is often a glass electrode, which contains a solution of a known pH. When the sensor is put in a solution of an unknown pH, the difference between the two solutions can be compared, and the pH of the unknown solution can be calculated.

Measuring oxygen

The Clark oxygen sensor was the first blood sensor, invented in 1953. It is still used in improved forms today. Oxygen from the sample diffuses through a gas-permeable membrane where it causes an electrochemical reaction with the sensor and an electric current is generated. The amount of current generated is proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the sample. It is measured and reported.

Measuring Carbon Dioxide

Most carbon dioxide sensors are based on the 1965 design by Severinghaus. The sensor detects pH changes in a small volume of bicarbonate solution separated from the sample by a gas-permeable membrane. As carbon dioxide crosses the membrane, carbon dioxide adds with water to form carbonic acid, in turn, hydrogen ions and hydrogen bicarbonate ions. Any change in hydrogen ion concentration changes the pH, measured by the internal pH sensor.

Modern blood gas analysis machines combine all three types of sensor, and range from work machines where many blood types can be processed to miniaturised sensors that can be inserted in the patient.

A mammal needs oxygen so that it can respire, and the cells in its body can undergo respiration. This process provides energy to the body, keeping the mammal alive.

Carbon dioxide must be excreted.

If Carbon dioxide builds up in the blood, it dissolves into the water of the plasm, then forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the blood. This makes it more acidic, which eventually will upset the body’s acid-base balance, and might denature enzymes.

Describe the relationship between pH and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

If carbon dioxide levels are too high in the blood, it becomes more acidic, lowering the pH.

Oxygen in the blood can be analysed using 2 different technologies: optical or electrochemical. Outline what apiece technology measures in order to report the blood oxygen level.

Pulse oximeters use infrared and red light to measure the amount of oxygen in arterial blood. The lights are passed through an extremity, and two diodes are used. there is a massive difference in the amount of red light absorbed by oxyhaemoglobin compared to haemoglobin.

The arterial blood gas analysis measures the pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

In the example given, how did blood gas analysis help the physician to diagnose what was wrong with the patient.

It gave the physician the man’s, pH, the PCO2 level, and the oxygen level. With normalities in both pH and PCO2, and discrepancy in the oxygen level, the physician was healthy to deduce that the patient’s problem was not metabolic, but with gas exchange in the lungs. The X-ray of the lungs revealed a bacterial infection.

A) What biochemical process in cells produces carbon dioxide?

Respiration

B) What body process must have slowed down for carbon dioxide to accumulate?

The transportation of carbon dioxide out of the blood, and the excretion of it in the lungs must have slowed down.

C) What external symptoms of this process is the young man showing?

He must be breathing more rapidly trying to get the carbon dioxide out though his lungs.

The development of equipment to measure blood gases is relatively recent. What advances in biology stimulated the development in this area of technology?

A blood transfusion is a transfer of blood or any of its components to a recipient. The blood might come from a specific donor or from a blood bank. People might require transfusions during life threatening emergencies, where they have lost a lot of blood, or as a result of serious burns. There might also be a need for blood transfusions after a surgical operation so the blood supply can be increased. Sometimes people select to have their own blood drawn before a non- emergency operation to be then re-infused, rather than using donated blood. This might be due to the fact that they would not want another person’s blood, for they might be afraid it could contain diseases that have not been detected, or that their own blood would be safer to use.

The standard donation is 450ml and is tested for diseases, antibodies and it type. The blood collected might be stored as whole blood or split into components, all of the components are important, whole blood is only used in emergency blood losses. Saline solutions are sometimes used to increase the volume of the blood. Careful blood matching is important between donated blood and the receiver to ensure no adverse reactions occur.

Donated blood is broken down into the following components:

Red Blood cells:

This is used to increase the amount of oxygen carried around a person’s body tissues, it is usually given to those who have lost a lot of blood, usually in accidents or operations, or due to haemorrhaging. It is also given to people with anaemia, or whose bone marrow is no longer producing enough healthy red blood cells.

Platelets:

Are essential for blood clotting, when the skin is broken, or people have cancer of the blood or bone marrow, or lymph such as leukaemia. Patients undergoing cancer treatments do not make enough blood platelets and are given platelets extracted from donated blood.

Plasma:

The liquid portion of the blood contains clotting factors (and immunoglobins). Plasma is used to treat people with blood clotting disorders such as haemophilia, it also is used to adjust the osmotic pressure of blood, to help pull fluid out of tissue when necessary.

Immunoglobulins (also called gamma globulins, immune serum and antibodies)

These are an infection fighting parts of blood plasma. They are used to treat people who have difficulty fighting infections and whose immune systems are not working normally because of diseases such as AIDS.

White blood cells:

Another infection fighting component of the blood, only used occasionally to treat life-threatening infections when the white blood cell count is very low or the white blood cell are not working properly. Most of the time antibiotics are used rather than giving a white blood cell transfusion.

Whole blood is only used when a mortal has lost more than 20% blood volume, or when a particular component is not available. It is given to people who have lost a lot of blood through happening or operations to restore blood volume.

The kidneys perform many essential functions, the loss of these functions results in retention of urea and acids in the blood, water and salt imbalance, as well as modified blood pressure. Individuals can only live for 2 weeks with renal unfortunate without being treated. Kidney transplants are one of the most successful of surgical transplants.

Dialysis is a process that removes waste products from the blood. Acute dialysis is needed in emergency situations, when potassium levels are high, there is a fluid overload and pulmonary oedema- fluid accumulates in the lungs. it is also required if there is a need to remove medications or toxins from the blood.

Chronic Dialysis is needed for long term renal failure. With end-stage renal disease, less than 10 nephrons are functioning, which causes high blood ures levels, high levels or creatinine and electrolyte imbalances. People can survive for several years on dialysis before a kidney transplant becomes available.

Haemodialysis is the most common method of dialysis and uses dialysers or artificial kidneys. They rely on diffusion to remove excess water and ultrafiltration to remove water more efficiently under high pressure. The body’s buffer system, maintained by a dialysate is a solution of all the extracellular ions, such as bicarbonate and acetate. Heparin- an anticoagulant- is administered to stop blood clotting in the dialysis tubing. The blood flows through tubules that are surrounded by a dialysate, and waste removal occurs through the semipermeable membranes of the tubules. The fluid is prepared in the work in such a way that the molecules or ions that are essential to the body are present in the fluid at the same concentrations as in the blood. The molecules or ions that need to be released as waste are absent from the dialysis fluid (eg urea). Hence some processes that take place in the kidney do not occur in the dialysis machine. Filtration occurs in both the kidney and the dialysis unit, but reabsorption does not occur in dialysis.

Blood must travel though the organisation a number of times before adequate wastes have been removed. This usually takes from 4 to 6 hrs and must occur three times a week for a patient with no kidney function. Blood, from which wastes have been removed, is returned to the body through a vein and dialysis fluid is discarded.

Excretion in Marine Environment:

Many marine organisms have an internal salt concentration lower than that of the surrounding water, therefore they are adapted to reduce water loss and increase water intake in order to equilibrise the natural loss of water by osmosis. Bony fish, which have a skeleton of bone, unlike sharks and rays, which have a skeleton of cartilage, control and regulate their water content. These fish constantly drink salt water. They then excrete salt from their gills. These processes result in a net intake of water because the water lost in excretion is less that the water taken in by drinking. Overall, this net acquire of water balances the net loss of water by osmosis and the cell concentrations remain constant.

Fresh-water environment:

Freshwater fish excrete masses of extremely dilute urine and actively absorb salts form the surrounding water through their gills. In this way, they excrete water to equilibrise the water taken in by osmosis.

Depending on their environment, therefore, fish can either conserve water by excreting a concentrated urine (marine) or release water by excreting a dilute urine (fresh water).

Terrestrial mammals:

A terrestrial environment is much more variable than an aquatic environment. Compared with fish, the kidneys of mammals must respond to variable water loss and water gain.

A mammal loses water to the environment through the lungs and the skin, and gains it through water and food intake. This loss and acquire can vary depending on the external temperature, humidity, exercise pattern, availability of food and water. While mammals usually excrete urine that is more concentrated than body fluids, the concentration can vary depending on the equilibrise of water intake and water loss. In hot weather, water loss is high so the urine is more concentrated to conserve water. In cold weather water loss is low so more water is excreted and the urine is more dilute.

Ammonia is very toxic and must be removed immediately from the body, either by diffusion or in very dilute urine, like in freshwater fish.

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The present generation has seen the most tremendous change than ever.  Even in the last decade on one would have ever experience or thought of that after some 10-12 years even children would be using the personal as easily as an experienced engineers.  Life hasn’t been the same ever.  Technology has come to the resuce of the man apiece now and then.  Who will comprehend its importance then the one who needs it badly.  Our’s is becoming a global village.  The physical distance might not have changed; but communicationally talking we are not very far from apiece other.
But apiece coin has two sides, they say.  The current bomb explosions in Hydrabad (India) has shown it.  The bombs that did not explode were attached to a cell phone.  And when the caller calls the number and the mobile phone rings, yes that’s it.  The inhumane work is complete.  There have been many more examples in India itself where there have been explosions using the cell phone.  Not only that there have been instantces of using the cell phones for pornographic MMS s. How is then the technology used ?  World wide web is quite a handful when it comes to communication at low costs.  But yes, it too is used for all the dirty work whoever does it.  Here too pornography is at quite a rise.  When and how is all this going to stop.  Who is that one man we are all looking for who can create waves against all this dirt.  After all it depends on the holder of the gun to fire it at the terrorists or innocent people.
Its the soul’s call.  How should the technology be used!
The birth of a human is quite rare.  Why waste it killing and troubling people.  Technology is developed for the well being of the human.  Why detaste it ?

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In order to master the art of webdesign, designers must follow the subsequent pointers:

1. Web designers are marketers per se. Web sites are all about advertising products, ideas and services. Thus, a webdesigner has to comprehend the mindset of marketers in order to create a design that sell.

2. Read, read and read. We do not experience everything. Thus, our tendency is to learn from others. Reading webdesign books, newsletters and tips are pretty valuable since they can save you time and effort. Basically, books are more conclusive than newsletters and tips however, they are for free and mostly updated.

3. Narrow down your target market. You can't please everybody same thing that you can't be good at everything. Thus, this fact calls for the narrowing of your target market. Even in the interface of the so-called webdesign, a designer can't claim that he is an expert at anything or everything about the needs of a website. It is superior to pick a certain audience and try to be good at catching their attention, preference and choice. This practice grants you to be ideal at a given area thus developing expertise.

4. Answer your target audience’s needs. In order to answer the visitor’s needs, webdesigners must know what kind of visitors his site is welcoming. Do they belong to the younger generation or otherwise? What do they want from your site? Are these information, details and pleasures in your site in order to get their undivided attention and loyalty? Bear in mind that colors, font size, style of graphics, contents and the entirety of the site affects viewer’s decision and choice.

5. Know the basics of SEO and copywriting. Though Search Engine Optimization and copywriting are not directly related to designing, still, designers must have basic knowledge about them. This is because webdesigning is intertwined with marketing, use of keywords and visibility.

Aside from that, designers must also have knowledge of the programming basics. If not, the tendency is waste time or to create a mediocre or unsatisfactory design to the detriment of the sites.

6. The primacy of functionality. If ever you are visaged to make a decision between a web site’s aesthetic form and its functionality, you have to be firm in upholding the latter. Not everything that is pretty is ‘saleable’. Besides, you don’t create web sites for the intoxicant of making it nice-looking.

Above anything else, the site must be functional so as to cater to each visitor’s wants and needs. Appearance is a means to catch visitor’s attention nevertheless, it is not the end. If a designer prioritizes appearance alone without considering its primary consideration the web site’s marketability will suffer.  

7. Know when to break the rules. Rules are only guidelines, if you feel that the rules are inappropriate for a certain creation follow your heart’s desire and venture on an experimental adventure.

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Some of us can concur that our accounts or  passwords have been hacked at least once or even have suffered from indistinguishability theft. For educational purposes i have summarized eighteen U.S. laws that affect technology and society this day many of which you should be familiar with.

18 USC 1030 - Computer Fraud and Abuse (1954) Prohits gaining intentional access to fortified information without authorization. “Protected computers” are covered includes any personal used in interstate or foreign commerce.  Damages must exceed ,000.
18 USC 1029 - Credit Card Fraud - Charges an individual with a federal crime. Crime to possess 15 or more counterfeit credit cards does not have to exceed ,000 in damage. Attack on personal to acquire access to massive number of credit card numbers which he has no authorization is a violation of statute.
18 USC 2511 - Wiretap statute Interception - Outlaws the interception of telephone calls and other types of electronic communication and prevents police from using wiretaps without a warrant. Placing a “sniffer” violates the statute.
18 USC 2701 - Access to Electronic Information - Prohibits unlawful access to stored communications, but also prohibits preventing authorized users from accessing systems that store electronic communications. Owner of the service might access any file on the system. If an organization Is providing communications service any file can be accessed by authorized employees.
U.S. Patriot Act - Uniting and Strengthening USA by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (10/26/01) - Introduced after sep 11 attacks. President George W. Bush. Altered wording to US Code 1030, US Code 3127- law enforcement acquire information from devices in addition to telephones & obtain trap and trace orders for devices in other districts. US Code 2511 and 2701-computer trespass exception and wage the telegram act fix.
Homeland Security - (11/25/02) -The primary mission of the Department is to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the United Says to terrorism, minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States. Introduced after the september 11 attacks by President George W. Bush.
SOX - “Public Company Bookkeeping Reform and Investor Protection Act” or “Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act” OR Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (07/30/2002) Set after september 11 attacks by President George W. Bush. set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public bookkeeping firms.
FERPA - “Buckley Amendment” - Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (08/21/1974) Protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education.
HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (08/21/1996) Created after the september 11 attacks. Responsibility for creating and enforcing the standards for the endorsement of health information under the dept of health and human services. Standardization of patient health info., one-of-a-kind identifiers for individuals, security standards for protecting confidentiality and integrity.
AHRA - Audio Home Recording Act (10/28/1992) The act enabled the release of recordable digital formats such as Sony and Philips’ Digital Audio Tape without fear of contributory infringement lawsuit.
DMCA - Digital Millennium Copyright Act (10/28/1998) It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works. President Bill Clinton18 USC 2319 - Copyrights - Defines the criminal punishments for copyright violations where an individual is found to be reproducing or distributing copyrighted material where at least 10 duplicates have been prefabricated of 1 or more works.
COPPA - Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 - Websites that are collecting information from kids under the age of thirteen are required to comply with Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ).
CANSPAM - Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing Act (11/25/2003) - establishes the United States’ first national standards for the sending of commercial e-mail and requires the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to enforce its provisions.
CALEA - Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (1994)an act by the US Congress to assist wiretapping of U.S. domestic telephone and World wide web traffic.
NET- No Electronic Theft (1997) Criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement
CPA - Communications Privacy Act (10/21/1986) Extend government restrictions on wire taps to include electronic data by computer.
GLB - Graham-Leach-Biley Financial Services Modernization Act (GLBA) (11/12/1999) Protects private information of customers. Prohibits financial organization from disclosing a customer’s private info unless the org has disclosed that this might occur and given a customer the chance to opt of the disclosure.

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We are all well aware how important graphic webdesign can play in your business. This is particularly so for companies that use online medium to promote and run their businesses. They not only make your presence felt in the world wide web world but also help to pass on the relevant information to the people for whom it would matter the most. A business plan free template can also help you a lot in this regard. It is through these templates you can create your web pages and make your webdesign that much more effective.

One might ask what exactly is included in Graphic webdesign. Let me brief you about what all it can include. It can range from the use of a variety of elements such as images to videos to sketches or even flash. As pointed out early Graphic webdesign is an extremely important decision and therefore it is good to have a business plan to figure out its importance and its utilization. Even though it is doable to get a business plan free template on the World Wide Web, the calibre of this business plan free template can't be assured. But at the same time it is recommended to customize this business plan free template for your own use.  

Graphic webdesign, being of the most important and prominent decisions for you business indistinguishability on the World Wide Web, it is a good area to outsource so that you can have service of none but the best. This will help you concentrate on your business, and let he other company use their competitive skills to bring the very ideal for both partners involved in outsourcing. It helps save cost, energy and also time on part of the company outsourcing the graphic webdesign service, their efficiency increases since they do not have to now focus on the area which is not their expertise and in other case they do not have to increase staff for that.

By outsourcing the website design to a webdesign company enables you to wage just directions and requirements, without having to pay attention to the nitty-gritty and basics of designing a website. Besides this, designing companies have more experience with different websites for different businesses, and might have expertise in your niche business. In fact, you can even look for, and hire the services of a company, which specializes in providing a graphic webdesign in your business area. Some of them might even have a business plan free template for your type of business.
 
“Gamit Web Design services” is a web development company dealing in webdesign, ready templates to serve different kinds of consumers. Their service range is from serving professionals such as lawyers to sports companies to small and massive businesses and also e-commerce websites. Even though “Gamit Web Design services” provides variety of web development services it does not include supplying of any business plan free template to lure the consumers. As a matter of fact it does not wage any kind of free tools or resources to the consumer. All the services need to be paid for but one can anticipate excellent service and high calibre of the product delivered by the company. The after income service is great as well so that the consumer need not have to spend any time worrying about it.

Resource Box:
A beautifully designed website attracts visitors and clients. A graphic webdesign is important to attract visitors and clients to browse your site. You can also contact us or visit our site for a business plan free template, which suits your requirements.
 

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In the last few years people have blamed technology for eliminating jobs and there is some truth to that statement. There are a lot of jobs that a organisation can do superior and more efficient than we as humans can do. If we use this to our advantage, we can become more creative with our thinking process which is something machines and personal don’t really do superior than us; and that is reasoning, discernment and real thinking. 

For years businesses had to decide whether to upgrade to more technology that supposedly one day would save the company money by eliminating the fag intensive work that an individual was doing. The problem with this process was that the new personal or software or any organisation that you ordered; did not work right from the get go and in essence would cause you more fag to get it up and running properly. I remember many times of software upgrades where we were promised by apiece software distributor that the bugs were all fixed and they can guarantee no problems with implementation what so ever; only to find out 6 months and even years later that the bugs never really were fixed. 

Another problem that has come up in the “upgrade technology” frontier is that some people concurred and went all out with the new way of doing things and other people balked and drug their heals. I have seen people in offices hide their work from the boss because they were using the old calculator on the desk and/or just adding and subtracting by hand to get to enter the numbers into the computers. Once each office and home had a personal or several personal these people had to get on the bandwagon. 

There are always going to be jobs that people have to do, such as attending to the technology of personal and machines, etc. I would much rather press buttons on my phone now and not hear a customer service representative who really is just reading from a script and does not have any intent of what a mortal is calling about. I would sincerely like a personal program figure out my numbers on a spreadsheet, colors for my dining room, addresses for my email and mailings, etc. this kind of mundane regular grind work is much superior left to a machine. But when I go to the doctor, or visit a five star restaurant or a concierge; there really has to be the human element in the transaction.

SUPERMATH, a new analytics conference ( http://www.supermathconference.com ) slated for November 10 at the Del Mar Marriott, features demonstrations of slicing edge technologies and keynotes by national analytics thought leaders for a day of agitating presentations and futuristic insights designed to inspire, educate and promote collaborations.

A public expo of cutting-edge analytics technologies, bioinformatics, business intelligence and practical applications in each day life will be showcased in four industry “neighborhoods” – Risk, Security and Fraud; Healthcare and Medicine; Media, Marketing and Social Networks, and Energy, Infrastructure and Clean Tech.

Among the 20 technologies to be demonstrated are:

SPAWAR (ship and fire finding and mapping) — The RAPid Image Exploitation Resource (RAPIER) uses advanced image algorithms to detect, classify and map ships and refer and map fires using high-resolution satellite imagery. It is a valuable tool for first responders, disaster response coordinators, maritime law enforcement, and port authorities.

SANDAG (traffic optimization/management) — Demonstrates how traffic simulation works in conjunction with an million allow received to implement Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) to study the operation of the I-15 freeway corridor as a single multi-model system as opposed to separate assets. Shows how simulation can impact planning a region’s infrastructure decisions, and how information is leveraged in optimizing roadway operations and policy-making.

UCSD LISA (driver prediction system) — The Laboratory for Intelligent and Safe Vehicles (LISA) explores innovative approaches to making future cars safer and “intelligent.” Its research thinks about issues in sensing, analysis, modeling, and prediction of parameters associated with drivers, occupants, car dynamics and car surroundings. LISA will exhibit current advances in predicting driver behaviors and intentions. In collaboration with automakers Volkswagen and Nissan, LISA has implemented a next-generation Driver Assistance System.

SmartDrive (driver country analysis) — The SmartDrive Safety system uses in-vehicle recorders to capture video, audio and car data to examine driver behavior for fleet vehicles. Advanced algorithms model and predict driving behavior, enabling companies to indistinguishability and coach the drivers most at-risk for a collision or adverse event.

“We are very excited to be showcasing many of the new and innovative analytics applications being developed in the San Diego region,” stated Conference Chair Tom Clancy, a director of the San Diego Software Industry Council (SDSIC) and Managing Director at Tao Venture Partners. “These applications are being used to examine and optimize everything from traffic flow and roadway operations to work research and wildfire burn rates and directions. San Diego is prolific in producing slicing edge research, analytics innovations and talented teams. This conference brings that story to a wider audience. It is designed to educate business and the general public about the significant roles and possibilities analytics present for creating a healthier, safer and more efficient world.”

Conference keynote speakers include: energy-policy analyst, transport economist and environmental activist Charles Komanoff, recently featured in Wired magazine; Cheryl Max, Director, Functional Capabilities, World Wide Demand Programs, IBM; Dr. Eric Topol, a pioneer in advancing individualized and wireless medicine; and Pamela Scanlon, Executive Director of San Diego’s Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS). Others include Michael Victoroff, M.D., Chief Medical Officer for Parity Computing; Amy Chui, Vice-president of Risk Analysis and Management at Sempra Energy, and Revathi Subramanian, Director of Research & Development with the SAS Institute, Inc.

Bob Slapin, Executive Director of the SDSIC which is organizing the conference, said, “Software analytics companies have multiplied and evolved to create a nationally significant cluster in San Diego. More than 100 analytics firms call San Diego home – small, medium and large. And this doesn’t count the numerous additional companies using analytics as an integral part of their on-going operations. Analytics is an astonishing source of good-paying jobs for our region and the nation, and it continues to grow rapidly.”

ABOUT THE SAN DIEGO SOFTWARE INDUSTRY COUNCIL

SDSIC is one of San Diego’s oldest and largest trade organizations for regional software companies, related technologies and services. The Council supports the entrepreneurial spirit within the local software and IT industry by providing a forum for the exchange of ideas, business intelligence ( http://www.supermathconference.com ), bioinformatics, sharing of resources and promotion of industry goals. More information about SUPERMATH can be found at http://www.supermathconference.com .

For additional information: metropolis Davis 619-770-7605

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 Setting Up A Ftp:

Well, since many of us have always wondered this, here it is. Long and drawn out. Also, before attempting this, realize one thing; You will have to give up your time, effort, bandwidth, and security to have a calibre ftp server.

That being said, here it goes. First of all, find out if your IP (Internet Protocol) is static (not changing) or dynamic (changes everytime you log on). To do this, first think about the fact if you have a dial up modem. If you do, chances are about 999 999 out of 1 000 000 that your IP is dynamic. To make it static, just go to a place like h*tp://www.myftp.org/ to register for a static ip address.

You’ll then need to get your IP. This can be done by doing this:

Going to Begin -> Run -> winipcfg or http://www.ask.com and asking ‘What is my IP?’

After doing so, you’ll need to download an FTP server client. Personally, I’d advocate G6 FTP Server, Serv-U FTPor Bullitproof v2.15 all three of which are extremely reliable, and the norm of the ftp world.

You can download them on this site: h*tp://www.liaokai.com/softw_en/d_index.htm

First, you’ll have to set up your ftp. For this guide, I will use step-by-step instructions for G6. First, you’ll have to go into ‘Setup -> General’. From here, type in your port # (default is 21). I advocate something unique, or something a bit larger (ex: 3069). If you want to, check the number of max users (this sets the amount of simultaneous maximum users on your server at once performing actions – The more on at once, the slower the connection and vice versa).

The below options are then chooseable:

-Launch with windows

-Activate FTP Server on Start-up

-Put into tray on startup

-Allow multiple instances

-Show “Loading…” position at startup

-Scan drive(s) at startup

-Confirm exit

You can do what you want with these, as they are pretty self explanatory. The scan drive feature is nice, as is the 2nd and the last option. From here, click the ‘options’ text on the left column.

To protect your server, you should check ‘login check’ and ‘password check’, ‘Show relative path (a must!)’, and any other options you feel you’ll need. After doing so, click the ‘advanced’ text in the left column. You should then leave the buffer size on the default (unless of course you know what you’re doing ), and then grant the type of ftp you want.

Uploading and downloading is usually good, but it’s up to you if you want to grant uploads and/or downloads. For the server priority, that will determine how much conventional memory will be used and how much ‘effort’ will go into making your server run smoothly.

Anti-hammering is also good, as it prevents people from slowing down your speed. From here, click ‘Log Options’ from the left column. If you would like to see and record apiece single command and clutter up your screen, leave the defaults.

But, if you would like to see what is going on with the lowest doable space taken, click ‘Screen’ in the top column. You should then check off ‘Log successful logins’, and all of the options in the client directry, except ‘Log directory changes’. After doing so, click ‘Ok’ in the bottom left corner.

You will then have to go into ‘Setup -> User Accounts’ (or ctrl & u). From here, you should click on the right most column, and right click. Select ‘Add’, and select the username(s) you would like people to have access to.

After giving a study (ex: themoonlanding), you will have to give them a set password in the bottom column (ex: wasfaked). For the ‘Home IP’ directory, (if you registered with a static server, check ‘All IP Homes’. If your IP is static by default, select your IP from the list. You will then have to right click in the very center column, and select ‘Add’.

From here, you will have to set the directory you want the people to have access to. After choosing the directory, I recommend you select the options ‘Read’, ‘List’, and ‘Subdirs’, unless of course you know what you’re doing . After doing so, make an ‘upload’ folder in the directory, and select to ‘add’ this folder seperately to the center column. Select ‘write’, ‘append’, ‘make’, ‘list’, and ’subdirs’. This will grant them to upload only to specific folders (your upload folder).

Now click on ‘Miscellaneous’ from the left column. Select ‘enable account’, your time-out (how long it takes for people to remain idle before you automatically kick them off), the maximum number of users for this name, the maximum number of connections granted simultaneously for one ip address, show relative path (a must!), and any other things at the bottom you’d like to have. Now click ‘Ok’.

**Requested**

From this main menu, click the tiny boxing glove picture in the top corner, and right click and unchoose the hit-o-meter for both uploads and downloads (with this you can monitor IP activity). Now click the lightning bolt, and your server is now up and running.

Post your ftp info, like this:

213.10.93.141 (or something else, such as: ‘f*p://example.getmyip.com’)

User: *** (The username of the client)

Pass: *** (The password)

Port: *** (The port number you chose)

So make a FTP and join the FTP section

Listing The Contents Of A Ftp:

Listing the content of a FTP is very simple.

You will need FTP Content Maker, which can be downloaded from here:

ht*p://www.etplanet.com/download/application/FTP Content Maker 1.02.zip

1. Put in the IP of the server. Do not place “ftp://” or a “/” because it will not work if you do so.

2. Put in the port. If the port is the default number, 21, you do not have to enter it.

3. Put in the username and password in the appropriate fields. If the login is anonymous, you do not have to enter it.

4. If you want to list a specific directory of the FTP, place it in the directory field. Otherwise, do not enter anything in the directory field.

5. Click “Take the List!”

6. After the list has been taken, click the UBB output tab, and copy and paste to wherever you want it.

If FTP Content Maker is not working, it is probably because the server does not utilize Serv-U Software.

If you get this error message:

StatusCode = 550

LastResponse was : ‘Unable to open local file test-ftp’

Error = 550 (Unable to open local file test-ftp)

Error = Unable to open local file test-ftp = 550

Close and restart FTP Content Maker, then try again.

error messages:

110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm Where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server’s equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and “=”).

120 Service ready in nnn minutes.

125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.

150 File position okay; about to open data connection.

200 Command okay.

202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.

211 System status, or system help reply.

212 Directory status.

213 File status.

214 Help message. On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.

215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system study from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.

220 Service ready for new user.

221 Service closing control connection. Logged out if appropriate.

225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.

226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).

227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).

230 User logged in, proceed.

250 Requested file action okay, completed.

257 “PATHNAME” created.

331 User study okay, need password.

332 Need statement for login.

350 Requested file action pending further information.

421 Too many users logged to the same account

425 Can’t open data connection.

426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.

450 Requested file action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file busy).

451 Requested action aborted: local error in processing.

452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.

500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This might include errors such as command line too long.

501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.

502 Command not implemented.

503 Bad sequence of commands.

504 Command not implemented for that parameter.

530 Not logged in.

532 Need statement for storing files.

550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).

551 Requested action aborted: page type unknown.

552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).

553 Requested action not taken. File study not allowed.

 Active FTP vs. Passive FTP, a Definitive Explanation

Introduction

One of the most commonly seen questions when dealing with firewalls and other World wide web connectivity issues is the difference between active and passive FTP and how ideal to support either or both of them. Hopefully the following text will help to clear up some of the confusion over how to support FTP in a firewalled environment.

This might not be the definitive explanation, as the title claims, however, I’ve heard enough good feedback and seen this document linked in enough places to know that quite a few people have found it to be useful. I am always looking for ways to improve things though, and if you find something that is not quite clear or needs more explanation, please let me know! Current additions to this document include the examples of both active and passive command line FTP sessions. These session examples should help make things a bit clearer. They also wage a nice picture into what goes on behind the scenes during an FTP session. Now, on to the information…

The Basics

FTP is a TCP based service exclusively. There is no UDP component to FTP. FTP is an uncommon service in that it utilizes two ports, a ‘data’ port and a ‘command’ port (also known as the control port). Traditionally these are port 21 for the command port and port 20 for the data port. The confusion begins however, when we find that depending on the mode, the data port is not always on port 20.

Active FTP

In active mode FTP the client connects from a random unprivileged port (N > 1024) to the FTP server’s command port, port 21. Then, the client starts listening to port N+1 and sends the FTP command PORT N+1 to the FTP server. The server will then connect back to the client’s specified data port from its local data port, which is port 20.

From the server-side firewall’s standpoint, to support active mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:

FTP server’s port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)

FTP server’s port 21 to ports > 1024 (Server responds to client’s control port)

FTP server’s port 20 to ports > 1024 (Server initiates data connection to client’s data port)

FTP server’s port 20 from ports > 1024 (Client sends ACKs to server’s data port)

In step 1, the client’s command port contacts the server’s command port and sends the command PORT 1027. The server then sends an ACK back to the client’s command port in step 2. In step 3 the server initiates a connection on its local data port to the data port the client specified earlier. Finally, the client sends an ACK back as shown in step 4.

The main problem with active mode FTP actually falls on the client side. The FTP client doesn’t make the actual connection to the data port of the server–it simply tells the server what port it is listening on and the server connects back to the specified port on the client. From the client side firewall this appears to be an outside system initiating a connection to an internal client–something that is usually blocked.

Active FTP Example

Below is an actual example of an active FTP session. The only things that have been changed are the server names, IP addresses, and individual names. In this example an FTP session is initiated from testbox1.slacksite.com (192.168.150.80), a linux box running the standard FTP command line client, to testbox2.slacksite.com (192.168.150.90), a linux box running ProFTPd 1.2.2RC2. The debugging (-d) flag is used with the FTP client to show what is going on behind the scenes. Everything in red is the debugging output which shows the actual FTP commands being sent to the server and the responses generated from those commands. Normal server output is shown in black, and individual input is in bold.

There are a few interesting things to think about about this dialog. Notice that when the PORT command is issued, it specifies a port on the client (192.168.150.80) system, rather than the server. We will see the opposite behavior when we use passive FTP. While we are on the subject, a swift note about the format of the PORT command. As you can see in the example below it is formatted as a series of six numbers separated by commas. The first four octets are the IP address while the second two octets comprise the port that will be used for the data connection. To find the actual port multiply the fifth octet by 256 and then add the sixth octet to the total. Thus in the example below the port number is ( (14*256) + 178), or 3762. A swift check with netstat should confirm this information.

testbox1: {/home/p-t/slacker/public_html} % ftp -d testbox2

Connected to testbox2.slacksite.com.

220 testbox2.slacksite.com FTP server ready.

Name (testbox2:slacker): slacker

—> USER slacker

331 Password required for slacker.

Password: TmpPass

—> PASS XXXX

230 User slacker logged in.

—> SYST

215 UNIX Type: L8

Remote system type is UNIX.

Using binary mode to transfer files.

ftp> ls

ftp: setsockopt (ignored): Permission denied

—> PORT 192,168,150,80,14,178

200 PORT command successful.

—> LIST

150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for file list.

drwx—— 3 slacker users 104 Jul 27 01:45 public_html

226 Transfer complete.

ftp> quit

—> QUIT

221 Goodbye.

Passive FTP

In order to resolve the issue of the server initiating the connection to the client a different method for FTP connections was developed. This was known as passive mode, or PASV, after the command used by the client to tell the server it is in passive mode.

In passive mode FTP the client initiates both connections to the server, solving the problem of firewalls filtering the incoming data port connection to the client from the server. When opening an FTP connection, the client opens two random unprivileged ports locally (N > 1024 and N+1). The first port contacts the server on port 21, but instead of then issuing a PORT command and allowing the server to connect back to its data port, the client will issue the PASV command. The result of this is that the server then opens a random unprivileged port (P > 1024) and sends the PORT P command back to the client. The client then initiates the connection from port N+1 to port P on the server to transfer data.

From the server-side firewall’s standpoint, to support passive mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:

FTP server’s port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)

FTP server’s port 21 to ports > 1024 (Server responds to client’s control port)

FTP server’s ports > 1024 from anywhere (Client initiates data connection to random port specified by server)

FTP server’s ports > 1024 to remote ports > 1024 (Server sends ACKs (and data) to client’s data port)

In step 1, the client contacts the server on the command port and issues the PASV command. The server then replies in step 2 with PORT 2024, telling the client which port it is listening to for the data connection. In step 3 the client then initiates the data connection from its data port to the specified server data port. Finally, the server sends back an ACK in step 4 to the client’s data port.

While passive mode FTP solves many of the problems from the client side, it opens up a whole range of problems on the server side. The biggest issue is the need to grant any remote connection to high numbered ports on the server. Fortunately, many FTP daemons, including the favourite WU-FTPD grant the administrator to specify a range of ports which the FTP server will use. See Appendix 1 for more information.

The second issue involves supporting and troubleshooting clients which do (or do not) support passive mode. As an example, the command line FTP utility provided with Solaris does not support passive mode, necessitating a third-party FTP client, such as ncftp.

With the big popularity of the World Wide Web, many people like to use their web browser as an FTP client. Most browsers only support passive mode when accessing ftp:// URLs. This can either be good or bad depending on what the servers and firewalls are configured to support.

Passive FTP Example

Below is an actual example of a passive FTP session. The only things that have been changed are the server names, IP addresses, and individual names. In this example an FTP session is initiated from testbox1.slacksite.com (192.168.150.80), a linux box running the standard FTP command line client, to testbox2.slacksite.com (192.168.150.90), a linux box running ProFTPd 1.2.2RC2. The debugging (-d) flag is used with the FTP client to show what is going on behind the scenes. Everything in red is the debugging output which shows the actual FTP commands being sent to the server and the responses generated from those commands. Normal server output is shown in black, and individual input is in bold.

Notice the difference in the PORT command in this example as opposed to the active FTP example. Here, we see a port being opened on the server (192.168.150.90) system, rather than the client. See the discussion about the format of the PORT command above, in the Active FTP Example section.

testbox1: {/home/p-t/slacker/public_html} % ftp -d testbox2

Connected to testbox2.slacksite.com.

220 testbox2.slacksite.com FTP server ready.

Name (testbox2:slacker): slacker

—> USER slacker

331 Password required for slacker.

Password: TmpPass

—> PASS XXXX

230 User slacker logged in.

—> SYST

215 UNIX Type: L8

Remote system type is UNIX.

Using binary mode to transfer files.

ftp> passive

Passive mode on.

ftp> ls

ftp: setsockopt (ignored): Permission denied

—> PASV

227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,150,90,195,149).

—> LIST

150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for file list

drwx—— 3 slacker users 104 Jul 27 01:45 public_html

226 Transfer complete.

ftp> quit

—> QUIT

221 Goodbye.

Summary

The following chart should help admins remember how apiece FTP mode works:

Active FTP :

command : client >1024 -> server 21

data : client >1024 <- server 20

Passive FTP :

command : client >1024 -> server 21

data : client >1024 -> server >1024

A swift summary of the pros and cons of active vs. passive FTP is also in order:

Active FTP is beneficial to the FTP server admin, but detrimental to the client side admin. The FTP server attempts to make connections to random high ports on the client, which would nearly certainly be blocked by a firewall on the client side. Passive FTP is beneficial to the client, but detrimental to the FTP server admin. The client will make both connections to the server, but one of them will be to a random high port, which would nearly certainly be blocked by a firewall on the server side.

Luckily, there is somewhat of a compromise. Since admins running FTP servers will need to make their servers accessible to the greatest number of clients, they will nearly certainly need to support passive FTP. The exposure of high level ports on the server can be minimized by specifying a limited port range for the FTP server to use. Thus, everything except for this range of ports can be firewalled on the server side. While this doesn’t eliminate all risk to the server, it decreases it tremendously.

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Is laziness by adults in the society the cause of obesity? Are we all a bunch of lethargic sofa potatoes who do nothing but sit and take all the time? I state no. Instead, we are the product of our revolutionary, technological society. I’m not saying we can blame technology, rather I would state that our young adults are also a reflection of the society around them. This is not an excuse, but it is an intent I thought based on my typical day.
I get up in the morning, not by the sound of a buzz, nor by beeps or blaring from the radio. These alarms would have my blood running from the start, but I hit Snooze to stop the madness. Then it happens again and again, snooze bar. After a couple of times, I’d be late for work, rushed to the shower if I even had time, to rush to the automobile and speed to work. Not in today’s world. Instead, I wake to the soothing sound of the sea on my broadcasting slowly and quietly to wake me up. No blood pumping, no increase in heart rate. I have a nice and slow, easy awakening. Then I head to the shower and place my shower CD player and listen to something I like when I take my time to take my bath.
During this brief period of dressing up, I can hear my coffee in the coffee organisation is programmed to make me a cup each morning with me not having to do something. As I sit and drink my coffee pondering the day ahead of me, I realize that time had gone, so I gently near a button on the key that starts my automobile and warm for me before I even get there. Then I make my way to my car, enter, and drive off peacefully to work. (except in cases of unforeseen rage.) Not like before when I had to run to my car.
Once at work I checked my PDA and see what is on my agenda for the day. Not turning the pages of my pocket calendar or planner. My day job is easy and uncomplicated, but instead of having to run back and forth to the office and receive messages, can now only send an email with the international press of a button. When it is time to leave, I returned to begin my automobile to my office and home.
Upon arrival at home, I settle for microwave dinner does not need to be crushed, cut, mixed, kneaded, poked, or prodded. At the press of a button, and five minutes later, I sit in front of the television to watch programs recorded on my cable, digital recorder, and five minutes to eat, meal nuked. Would have done this before? The answer is no, because I had been physically cooking something to eat, and there would be no television show worth watching, so I like to take and go for something like construction work, cleaning, playing with kids at any moment, just something else to fill the time. Oh, while I ate, I got some crumbs dropped on the floor on the way back to the kitchen. Well, I just press a button on my robot vacuum cleaner and let it clean the entire floor, because it is pre-programmed to do so.
Finally, my day is coming to an end and, instead of actually doing something constructive before going to bed, I can't resist the urge to surf the World wide web for a while, maybe chat with friends or relatives, and check the e-mail. And I have to connect my PDA to the personal anyway. Now my lazy or technological dysfunctional day is ove